Chemical (mutagens)
usually either mimic the structure of nucleotides and are inserted in DNA or either cause
chemical changes (such as alkylation) in nucleotides hence causing mismatching during replication.
Radiation, on the other hand, (due to its high energy) causes double-strand breaks in DNA causing an
increased likelihood of mutations during the repair of the DNA by cell
mechanisms.
Always start with the genotypic ratios, because they'll be the same. Since hidden variation is popping out, you can assume that both of the parents are heterozygous. The problems you get will be the F2 ratio of the cross between two homozygous individuals.
1:2:1 is the genotypic ratio for one locus. AA:Aa:aa.
1:2:1 is the phenotypic ratio for incomplete dominance. Incomplete dominance means that the heterozygote expresses differently from either homozygote.
3:1 is the phenotypic ratio for complete dominance.
2:1 is the phenotypic ratio for lethal recessive.
Biogeography is the study of geographical distribution of fossils, various species (plants and animals) and ecosystems throughout geological time and space
Answer:
Caffeine is used often to wake you up, making you more alert. This can lead to anxiety or paranoia
Explanation:
The effects Caffeine has on your body can be those of a traumatic event. It stimulates your fight or flight response.
Hope this helped:)
