A) Lower life expectancy
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Answer:
The options for the questions is not given but I do believe institutional racism has documented extensive evidence that delivery of medical care is inequitable and that ethinical and racial minorities may receive poorer health care quality than white Americans.
Explanation:
Gary King, an insightful theoretical analyst analysis in his research of (1996:35) and argues that "explanations of racial differences in medical care and of participation rates in medical research are grounded in institutional racism and in the professional ideologies of medicine and health care systems that lead to power imbalances between minorities and medicine's elite professionals"
King identifies three phrases of research which are: (1) initial “exploratory research,” which documented the differences between blacks and whites in medical care, utilizing quantitative data; (2) “contemporary” research, which focuses on coronary artery disease (CAD) and other specific diseases, using severe methods to investigate causes of disparities in treatment; and (3) most recently, “an incisive period in which researchers attempt to combine theory, methods and policy considerations” (1996:36).
King argues that for one to understand the documented differences, one must come to understand covert(implicit) as well as overt(explicit) racism and the multiple faced dimensions of institutional racism in medical and health institutions (1996:43).
In studies over several decades, it is found that “the medical gaze” soon becomes the dominant knowledge frame through medical school, that time and efficiency are highly prized, and that students and their attendings are most caring of patients who are willing to become part of their medical story that they wish to tell and the therapeutic activities they hope to pursue
