Answer: urbanization, secularization, democracy (at least some of its characteristics), political and economic liberalism.
Explanation: all these processes took place in a bigger part of 19th-century Europe. In each country these processes differ....in some places faster in other places slower. For example process of secularization was usually finished by the separation of church and state (in France - for example - in 1905). In other continents - Latin America - there are still no railways (in Europe railway is a symbol of all these changes in Europe but in LA reilways are quite rare even today) and state-church separation ocurred oficially (in Brazil in 1891) but only formally....church(es) still have significant influence in politics.
He was a nut case that had been in Congress for too long and had lost all considerations as being a conservative, for he had become a mild liberal in conservative clothing.
