Explanation:
The long-running debate between the ‘rational design’ and ‘emergent process’ schools of strategy formation has involved caricatures of firms' strategic planning processes, but little empirical evidence of whether and how companies plan. Despite the presumption that environmental turbulence renders conventional strategic planning all but impossible, the evidence from the corporate sector suggests that reports of the demise of strategic planning are greatly exaggerated. The goal of this paper is to fill this empirical gap by describing the characteristics of the strategic planning systems of multinational, multibusiness companies faced with volatile, unpredictable business environments. In-depth case studies of the planning systems of eight of the world's largest oil companies identified fundamental changes in the nature and role of strategic planning since the end of the 1970s. The findings point to a possible reconciliation of ‘design’ and ‘process’ approaches to strategy formulation. The study pointed to a process of planned emergence in which strategic planning systems provided a mechanism for coordinating decentralized strategy formulation within a structure of demanding performance targets and clear corporate guidelines. The study shows that these planning systems fostered adaptation and responsiveness, but showed limited innovation and analytical sophistication
Answer:
D) were highly likely to be in their lower-achieving group.
Explanation:
Theory X refers to a motivation theory developed by Douglas McGregor. Theory X can be described as a pessimistic view of humanity and human workers. Managers who support theory X tend to dislike their own work and believe everyone else dislikes their work, are not ambitious and believe everyone else is not ambitious either, and finally don't like to assume responsibility over their actions and believe everyone else is like them.
So it shouldn't be a surprise that managers who support theory X are underachievers.
Small economy I think or up close economy
Robert Fogel is best known in suggesting for improvements in workers' health from better nutrition. Robert William Fogel is an economic historian who has awards in the Nobel Memorial Prize in economic sciences and another award in Bancoff prize. Fogel's work are the following: Railroads and American Economic Growth, Which roads to the past?, and the slavery debates.
C Is The Answer I Just Took This My E2020.
