The answer is d just took the test on e2020
Independent variable
To achieve internal validity, a researcher must design and conduct experiments where only the independent variable can be the cause of the results.
<h3>What are internal and external validity?</h3>
The degree to which a study shows a reliable cause-and-effect relationship between a therapy and a result is known as internal validity. Internal validity also shows that a particular investigation enables the exclusion of competing hypotheses for a finding. Internal validity is not a binary term, either yes or no. Instead, we evaluate how confident we can be in a study's conclusions depending on whether it avoids pitfalls that could cast doubt on the results.
The term external validity describes how effectively the results of a study should be extrapolated to other contexts. In other words, the generalizability of the results is the subject of this form of validity. For instance, are the results generalizable to different populations, environments, circumstances, and eras? Transferability is a different word that describes external validity and a qualitative research design. Whether results apply other circumstances with similar characteristics is referred to as transferability.
Learn more about internal and external validity here:
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A system of rule that permits citizens<span> to play a significant process, usually through the .... </span>the notion<span> that the Constitution grants to the </span>federal government<span> only those ... the authority possessed by both </span>state<span>and </span>national governments<span>, such as the ... is </span>each American<span> was a </span>citizen of the national government and separately.
A Dividend gives money back to shareholders.
