<h2>Answer:</h2>
<u>Energy flows from the producer level to the consumer level.</u>
<h2>Explanation:</h2>
In any ecosystem, Producers are those species which make their own food. The best example is any kind of green plant. Green plants make their food by taking sunlight and using the energy to make sugar. On the other hand The organisms that obtain their energy from other organisms are called consumers. All animals are consumers, and they eat other organisms. So we can see that energy always flows from producers to consumers.
Answer:
According to Dr. Ray Schiling (member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine) about 1.5 million people suffer from peanut allergies. The seeds of peanut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em>) contain an array of allergens that can induce the production of IgE specific antibodies predisposed individuals. Ara1 and Ara2 are most common seed storage protein that cause allergy. Other allergen proteins such as Ara3 to Ara 17 have also been identified that cause allergy.
Entry of peanut allergen into body
When peanut allergens enter the body of an individuals it leads to development of different symptoms like itchy skin, tingling sensation, nausea, runny nose and anaphylaxis.
Allergic response
There are two subsets of T-cells Th1 and Th2. Both invoke different response to allergens. Th1 direct a non-allergic response while Th2 direct allergic response ranging from releasing of histamine to anaphylactic response. The presence of IL-12 cytokines direct a Th1 based, nonspecific response.
Mechanism of allergic response (interaction between helper T cell and B cell)
Step 1.
When allergen enter to body they are encountered by B cells. Immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B cells recognize antigen (Peanut allergens) and get attached, which are then internalized and processed. Within B cells the fragments of antigens combine with HLA class 2 proteins.
Step 2
HLA class 2 with antigen fragments (peanut allergens) then display on the surface of B cells.
Step 3
Receptors on the surface of helper T cells recognizes the complex of HLA class 2 and antigen fragments (peanut allergen) and is activated to produce cytokines, which activate the B cells.
Step 4
B cell is activated by cytokines and begins clonal expansion. Some of the progeny become anti-body producing plasma cells while other become memory B cells.
Riparian zones are attractive to livestock because they contain lush vegetation that livestock like to eat.
Riparian zones are the transitional areas between land and a water body such as rivers, streams, or lakes. Riparian zones are attractive to livestock because they contain lush vegetation; a vegetation that has a greater variety of plant species. Shrubs such as willows, herbaceous and aquatic plants, such as rushes and sedges, and trees can be found in riparian zones.
The answer would be no, because if evolution did occur in this situation, then habitats could just as well change, and evolution helps organisms to adapt to change.
