Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Answer:
Channel proteins form hydrophilic channels to passively transport substances down the concentration gradient.
Carrier proteins bind to substances to transport them actively against the concentration gradient. They do not form channels.
Explanation:
Channel proteins are the membrane proteins that serve in transport of small polar molecules and/or ions by making a hydrophilic pore across the membrane. These molecules diffusion through the pore and exhibit facilitated diffusion.
Carrier proteins are the membrane proteins that transport the substances across the membrane by binding to them. They do not form the hydrophilic channels. Carrier proteins serve in the active transport of molecules against the concentration gradient.
In meiosis? Tetrads maby? When two homologus chromosomes do crossing over they're called tetrads so..
Answer:
dilation of vessels and sweating
Explanation:
The vast blood supply of the skin aids in temperature regulation: dilated vessels enable heat to escape, while constricted vessels retain heat. The blood supply of the skin regulates body temperature. The skin aids in the maintenance of homeostasis. Humidity has an effect on thermoregulation because it reduces perspiration evaporation and, as a result, heat loss.
The pond is considered as a the crayfish's
A) habitat
This is because the pond is where the crayfish lives and where it gets its food. It does not stray far from it and go back to it just to get food. It stays in the same location.<span />
