Metaphase is the stage in which the "crossing over" occurs.
As we know chromosomes carry genetic information. This crossing over process happens in eukaryotic cells and occurs during the mitosis phases of cell division.
Hopefully this helped.
Answer:
DIFFUSION
Explanation:
Water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are among the few simple molecules that can cross the cell membrane by diffusion (or a type of diffusion known as osmosis ). Diffusion is one principle method of movement of substances within cells, as well as the method for essential small molecules to cross the cell membrane.
Through gene expression, transcription and translation of this subset of genes determines how a cell looks and acts—its phenotype. ... | Cell fate means that a stem cell “makes a decision” to differentiate into a more mature cell type.
Answer:
Humoral immunity:
Humoral immunity is mediated by the macromolecules present in the extracellular fluid. This immunity provides protection against the pathogens present in the extracellular fluid. B- cells are mainly produced by the humoral immunity. The plasma cell and memory cells are generated in the human body. Antibodies kill the pathogens in humoral immunity.
Cell mediated immunity:
Cell mediated immunity is activated by the infected cells. This immunity provides protection against intracellular pathogens. T- cells are mainly produced by cell mediated immunity. T helper cells and T killer cells are mainly produced in the cell mediated immunity. Cytokines kill the pathogens in case of cell mediated immunity.
