The Early Middle Ages in Europe (500-1000 A.D.) are often called the Dark Ages because literacy and education declined.
Samuel J. Tilden had the popular vote at 4 228 546 or 50.9%, but lost to Rutherford B. Hayes, who had 4 034 331 votes, or 47.9%.
Rutherford won because he received 185 electoral votes to Tilden's 184.<span />
Italy was not a unified nation in the 1500's but a series of regions and city-states which shared the same peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. The power/domination of the Church of Rome had lost influenc.