The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” One of three amendments passed during the Reconstruction era to abolish slavery and establish civil and legal rights for black Americans, it would become the basis for many landmark Supreme Court decisions over the years.1865 left his successor, President Andrew Johnson, to preside over the complex process of incorporating former Confederate states back into the Union after the Civil War and establishing former slaves as free and equal citizens.
Johnson, a Democrat (and former slaveholder) from Tennessee, supported emancipation, but he differed greatly from the Republican-controlled Congress in his view of how Reconstruction should proceed. Johnson showed relative leniency toward the former Confederate states as they were reintroduced into the Union.
But many northerners were outraged when the newly elected southern state legislatures—largely dominated by former Confederate leaders—enacted black codes, which were repressive laws that strictly regulated the behavior of black citizens and effectively kept them dependent on white planters.
They agreed either because they were forced by their chief or the Spaniards or because they wanted to.
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On God's command, Abraham agrees to sacrifice his son Isaac. As Abraham raises the knife, an angel appears out of nowhere to halt the sacrifice. The complex expressions of father and son in this work combine grief, strength, resignation, fear, and realization in their faces and bodies, which are inspired by ancient sculpture and Michelangelo. Andrea del Sarto never completed this painting, which reveals his working methods. He transferred the design from a drawing to the panel, reinforcing the chalk with painted lines—most notably in the donkey on the far right. He then worked over the entire panel at once with thin, brushy veils of color, allowing him to change the composition as he painted—particularly in the angel, Isaac's body, and Abraham's head.
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and Malcolm X were both civil rights leaders during the 1960s. Both were deeply religious but had different ideologies about how equal rights should be attained. MLK focussed on nonviolent protest (e.g., bus boycotts, sit-ins, and marches), while Malcolm X believed in attaining equal rights by any means necessary.
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