For an ecological study, you monitor herbivore-plant interactions in a rainforest and notice that mammalian herbivores avoid the
leaves of a particular species of plant. However, a number of tiny herbivorous insect generalists that feed by piercing individual plant cells with their mouthparts appear capable of completing their entire life cycle feeding on this same species. You hypothesize that in this species the chemical defenses are: stored in the vacuole in an inactive form and are activated by enzymes in the cytoplasm. stored in the cytoplasm of epidermal leaf cells. nonexistent. contained in a latex stored in vascular canals.
Plant-herbivore interactions shape network elements across marine, freshwater, and earthly territories. From amphipods to elephants and from green growth to trees, plant-herbivore connections are the essential connection producing creature biomass (and human social orders) from minor daylight.
Herbivory is an interaction in which a plant or portions of the plant are consumed by an animal. Even insects and animals that eat seeds are considered herbivores.
