John Locke. John Locke believed that the governments job was to uphold and protect our rights to life, liberty and property.
The Supreme court of the United States has ruled that every criminal has the right to a fair and impartial judge under the Sixth Amendment
In modern America, all defendants have the right to either choose a Judge or a Jury. Most Americans often opt for a jury for their cases, while most misendeavor cases are usually taken care of by a judge.
They promoted Africans to identify as African, not as any "clan" or "faction" so that all the different African group's could get along withing the confines of there nations, that where drawn by Europeans to look nice and don't have any historic regard to cultures or ethnic groups.