somatic hypermutation occurs only in the <u>V or Variable</u> regions of rearranged heavy and light chains.
Somatic hypermutation occurs only in activated B cells, not T cells. This occurs in germinal establishments inside of lymph nodes and the spleen, where B cells are stimulated and T cells are present. Somatic hypermutation is a procedure in which point mutations pile up at rates 106-fold greater than the background mutation rates observed in other genes in the antibody V-regions of both the light and heavy chains.
Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is important in antibody-mediated immunity. SHM in B cells serves as the molecular foundation for antibody affinity maturation. In this way, SHM plays an important role in optimizing antibody-dependent immune responses.
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1) Producing more offspring at a time
2)Reproducing more often
3)Reproducing earlier in life
<span>The synthetic estrogen-like hormone is classified as a xenohormone. Xenohormones have hormone like affects when absorbed or ingested by animals. As a result, they cause a variety endocrine complications. These types of compounds in the environment can easily find their way into the fishes that humans consume and eventually cause endocrine problems in the human population.</span>
