The decay of uranium isotopes is used to provide information about the age of Earth.
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Isotopes of Uranium U-232, U-233 , U-234 , U-235 , U-236 , U-238 are used as fuel in nuclear reactors or as explosives for nuclear weapons. Uranium 238 is not very radioactive and it constitutes for nearly 99.3% of natural uranium on Earth and has the longest lifetime: its period is 4.5 billion years, about the age of Earth.
Use of radiometric dating techniques help in defining the age of substances (natural or man-made) using the known decay rates of radioactive elements. Each element has an individual decay rate and half life time.
Two Uranium isotopes (U-238 and U-235) are used for radiometric dating. Both the isotopes have different decay rates and half life period. Both are unstable and radioactive. Since two different isotopes produce two different decay clocks (one as a reference to other), it is beneficial in accurately determining the age of samples. The age of earth (rocks or other natural elements) can be easily determined using Uranium isotopes.
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For obtaining an adequate amount of DNA samples for DNA fingerprinting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that is used to amplify the DNA sample. The steps included in PCR are:-
1. Denaturation of the double-stranded DNA (at around 95°C)
2. Annealing of the primers to each of the single-stranded DNA templates ( at around 65°C)
3. Extension or elongation of the primers by considering every single-stranded DNA as a template. This elongation is carried out by <em>Taq </em>polymerase (at around 72°C).
With each cycle of PCR, the DNA sample is increased by 2ⁿ. Here, 'n' represents the number of PCR cycles.
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The cell wall is what gives plant cells their shape. The cell wall, not to be confused with the cell membrane, is a rigid structure made up of long cellulose fibers, branching hemicellulose fibers, and pectin. The fluid pressure inside the cell also contributes somewhat to their shape.
