Phosphorus
is the most important element in forming ATP
<span>
During cellular respiration, the food
molecules such as glucose, are oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
and trapped in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) form for further us of cell’s
activities. ATP’s are formed at mitochondria – the cell’s powerhouse. This type
of organelle takes and breaks nutrients absorbed by the cell and creates energy
afterward. The energy from ATP is then used by the body in kinetic activities
like running & walking or involuntary activities like breathing, blood
circulation, stimulus-responding, etc.</span>
Image result for Plants with vessels to transport water and nutrients are called nonvascular plants.
Within vascular plants is the phloem, the vessel that transports food, and the xylem, which transports water. Nonvascular plants are small, simple plants without a vascular system. They do not have a phloem or xylem.
Explanation:
Proteins and lipids can be broken down and converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (kreb's cycle).
<h3>What is Protein? </h3>
- Large biomolecules and macromolecules known as proteins are made up of one or more extended chains of amino acid residues.
- Among the many tasks that proteins carry out in living things include catalyzing metabolic processes, replicating DNA, reacting to stimuli, giving cells and organisms structure, and moving molecules from one place to another.
- The primary way that proteins differ from one another is in the order of their amino acids, which is determined by the nucleotide sequence of their genes and typically causes a protein to fold into a certain 3D structure that controls its activity.
- Protein turnover is the process through which the machinery of the cell breaks down and recycles proteins that have already been created after a finite amount of time.
- The half-life of a protein is a broad measure of a protein's lifespan. In mammalian cells, they have an average lifespan of 1-2 days but can live for minutes or years.
- Proteins that are abnormal or misfolded degrade more quickly either because they are targets for apoptosis or because they are unstable.
Learn more about protein here:
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Answer:
The correct answer is D. The outermost layer of a virion fullfills both protection and recognition functions of the virus.
Explanation:
A virion is a single viral particle. In this form the virus is physically isolable but without metabolic activity. Many virions can even be crystallized.
A virion, infecting a single host cell, is capable of producing thousands of descendants using the mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription and translation of the infected cell. This viral multiplication is often sufficient to kill the host cell by breaking it (lysandola).
Nucleic acid gives infectious power to the virion. It is enclosed by a protein wrap called capsid which is always formed by a number of individual proteins, called structural subunits. These subunits, associating in a specific way, form larger complexes called capsomeres. The set of nucleic acid and proteins is called the nucleocapsid of the virus, which can be enclosed by a membrane called pericapside envelope. Viruses without this membrane are called naked. Virus membranes are made up of a lipid bilayer, often associated with virus-specific proteins. The main function of the envelope is to help the virus enter the host cell. The surface glycoprotein serves to identify and bind to the receptor points in the host membrane. The viral envelope is then fused with the cell membrane, allowing the capsid and the viral genome to enter.
A step further down the evolutionary scale is the virino and below it the viroid and the prion; higher up is the virus.
