In a stack, if a user tries to remove an element from an empty stack it is called underflow.
<h3>What is underflow?</h3>
When we attempt to pop (remove) anything off the stack but there is nothing there to remove, stack underflow occurs. The computer will kind of sound an alert as a result of what we taught it to do, which is impossible.
The options are:
1) Underflow
2) Empty collection
3) Overflow
4) Garbage collection
As we know,
When an item is requested from the stack but the stack is empty, an error situation arises.
Thus, in a stack, if a user tries to remove an element from an empty stack it is called underflow.
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Answer:
A file can only be locked out to other users or processes only if it's already open, meaning it's in use as a resource during the time window and therefore it's impossible solving the race condition problem by locking the file during the check-and-use window.
Hence, during the check-and-use process, it's impossible to lock a file.
In conclusion, any lock created can be ignored by the malicious process.
Answer:
In economics, utility function is an important concept that measures preferences over a set of goods and services. Utility represents the satisfaction that consumers receive for choosing and consuming a product or service. Utility function is widely used in the rational choice theory to analyze human behavior.
Explanation:
