The transformation from 1 to 2 is a translation, as the shape is moved from one point to another with no rotation, reflection, or change in size.
The transformation from 2 to 3 is a reflection, as the shape is now upside down. It is still the same distance from the y-axis.
The answer is D. translation, then reflection.
(x - 4)(x + 3) = x^2 + 3x - 4x - 12 = x^2 - x - 12