the struggle for national identity and the control of territory
The rise of reform movements aimed at improving urban life
Homestead Act was the name of the law in which the government gave a 160 acre farm to anyone willing to work on and improve the land. The correct option among all the options given in the question is option "D". According to the Homestead Act, the land was given almost free of cost and the only thing the person had to do was develop the land for farming and build a house.
Believe it might be D) The believed in social contract theory