<span> each model relies on a number of guess/nference or basic factors that are present in all decision situations </span>
The term that is being referred here is the REPLACEMENT COST. What the market generally means when lower of cost or market rule is being applied to inventory valuation, this refers to replacement cost. This is the cost applied to an item when it is being replaced. The cost is being applied is the same as its pre-loss condition.
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Excluded services are those services which health insurance companies do not pay for. Those services may be needed or necessary but they are not covered by the health insurance plan and the person concerned will have to pay for the service himself. Services that are not reasonable or necessary refer to those services which are not deem necessary in the treatment of a patient.
Answer:
The solution is given in the table file attached below
Explanation: