Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. yes this is true
- Our adaptive immune system protects us from infection-related mortality. An new-born born with a significantly compromised adaptive immune system may die shortly unless extreme steps are taken to isolate it from a wide range of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- The purpose of adaptive immunity is to eliminate invading infections as well as any harmful chemicals they create. Because these reactions are damaging, it is critical that they only occur in response to molecules that are alien to the host and not to molecules that are native to the host. The adaptive immune system's capacity to identify what is foreign from what is self is a fundamental feature.
To learn more about adaptive immune.
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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds. ... Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals hope this helps
The lithosphere - rocks
(or geosphere)
The Earth's solid surface is the lithosphere. It includes continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of the Earth's interior.
Some foods and eating patterns may make it easier to keep obesity in check. Healthy food choices and diet patterns that help prevent heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic conditions may also help to prevent weight gain.
Eat whole foods-whole grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, healthful sources of protein (fish, poultry, beans), and plant oils. Processed food should be minimal. Limit sugared beverages, refined grains, potatoes, red and processed meats, and other highly processed foods, such as fast food.
1. The correct answer is: The viral envelope proteins interact with CD4 and a co-receptor on the cell membrane.
Binding and entering the host cell are the first steps of the HIV virus infection. So, these steps play a major role in determining the ability of HIV to degrade the human immune system. Binding of HIV to CD4+ T lymphocytes (express chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 called co-receptors) triggers the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, initiating infection (viral core gets into the cytoplasm).
Attachment of the virion can be:
• Nonspecific-envelop protein of the virus (Env) binds to cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans
• Specific-Env binds to integrin.
2. The correct answer is: Activation of the host cell by cytokines, growth factors, or antigens.
After the viral capsid enters the cell, single-stranded RNA genome is released from the attached viral proteins and copied it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule thanks to an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Next step is the integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome. This process is done by another viral enzyme called integrase. The integrated DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins that will help the package of new viruse particles.
3. The answer is: false
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template. Since the genome of the virus (HIV) is single stranded RNA, reverse transcriptase copies it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule. Thanks to this enzyme, formed cDNA can be integrated into host’s genome. Because of this proprety, antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection work as reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.
