Answer:
C. Chlamydia. is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Chlamydia is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease, caused by obligate intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis.
In the life of chlamydia, there are two stages of developmental(Reticulate and elementary bodies are two forms of Chlamydia.)
The elementary body is the infectious substance, they are non replicating and have a rigid outer membrane that binds to the receptors present on the host cell and it initiates the infection and due to the rigid outer membrane there, no fusion between the phagosome and the lysosome hence oppose the intracellular killing.
Reticulate bodies are the metabolically active form of a chlamydia and non-infectious.
Answer:
1. The difference between the normal hemoglobin protein DNA sequence and the sickle cell hemoglobin DNA sequence is a base to base shift, in this case adenine (GAG) to thymine (GTG).
2. The difference affects the amino acid sequence of the protein by replacing glutamic acid (Glu) with valine (Val).
Explanation:
In sickle cell anemia, a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is observed, where adenine is substituted by thymine, whose expression is the change in the amino acid sequence of globine β, incorporating valine instead of glutamic acid. This represents a molecular mutation - point mutation - by subtitution, which corresponds to missense mutation.
<u>Normal hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser
<u>Sickle cell hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT <em>GTG</em> GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro <em>Val</em> Glu Lys Ser
When GAG is transcribed to mRNA, the CUC codon is obtained, which codes for glutamic acid. Thymine substitution causes the DNA sequence to change to GTG, which is transcribed as CAC, the codon that encodes the amino acid valine. The <u>change from glutamic acid to valine in β-globin causes an altered hemoglobin, giving the abnormal erythrocytes observed in sickle cell disease</u>.
The following are the statements that accurately demonstrate the electron transport chain:
1. The electron transfer in the electron transport chain is combined with the proton transfer from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
2. The prosthetic groups, like Fe-S centers, directly take part in the transfer of electrons.
3. The electron carriers in the electron transport chain comprise cytochrome C and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
4. The electron carriers are arranged into four complexes of prosthetic groups and proteins.
5. The reactions of the electron transport chain occur in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
