Species A’s population will decrease due to limited space. <em>(I think. I'm sorry if I'm wrong.)</em>
Answer: choice A
Explanation: hope this helps
SORRY IF IM WRONG
<span>Cytotoxic t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat intracellular pathogens, whereas helper t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat extracellular pathogens.
</span>Cytotoxic t-cell are CD8+ cells. Cytotoxic t-cell uses granzymes to <span>kill </span><span>intracellular bacteria, that lives in the cytosol such as viruses. They identify the pathogen forgein peptids that are bounded to MHC-I on the cell surface.
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cd4+ T helper (Th) cells include Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. They contribute to aliergic reactions and fighting extracellular parasites.
<span>Osteoporosis is most likely to be affected by : Phosporus cycle.
basically, our skeleton are the warehouse of two substance, calcium and phosporous. If our skeleton has insufficient amount of these two susbtance, it will weakened its composition and caused the osteoporosis</span>
