The answer to your question rugged mountains
<span>The most famous example of a cylindrical projection is the mercator. The mercator is famed for having a standardised projection, although still faces the same problems as other cylindrical projections in that there is a distortion of the map near the poles.</span>
Rays hit the atmosphere and light is scattered by nitrogen and oxygen. Blue is more affected than red and green wavelengths.
This is what a heat island is