Answer/Explanation
The US sought to defend its eastern border from attack and drive Spain from power in the Americas.
Before the advent of Islam, Arabs lived in tribal organizations as cattlemen and nomads. The chief of the tribe was the sheikh, who had no executive power but was the first among equals. For the sake of secure trade, one of the tribe was keen on unifying Arab tribes, which would reduce frequent conflicts between them.
Explanation:
- Tribes were often at odds with each other, mostly because of the water source. The situation in the Arabian Peninsula is beginning to change as trade develops, a mostly intermediary trade between Byzantium and India as the main trade route is shifting to Arabia due to the conflict between Byzantium Empire and Persia.
- This brokerage trade enriched the tribe, who controlled much of Arabia's most developed area - the province of Hejaz, which houses the strongest city center, Mecca.
- For the sake of secure trade, they were keen on unifying Arab tribes, which would reduce frequent conflicts between them. They were not powerful enough to exercise pan-Arab political power, so they tried to achieve the unity of the Arabs on the basis of a common religious cult, which is the obvious influence of the surrounding monotheistic religions - Christianity and Judaism.
- The center of this cult became the temple at Mecca, or Kaaba, which was the tribal shrine.
- The influence of monotheistic religions is particularly evident in one pre-Islamic monotheistic sect among Arabs, the so-called Hanif, whose worshipers believed in one eternal and omnipotent deity - Allah.
Class: History
Level: Middle school
Keywords: Mecca, trade routes
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Thomas Jefferson, the man who became the third president of the fledgling United States of America, the author of the Declaration of Independence, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and the father of the University of Virginia, was born to Peter Jefferson, a citizen of Welsh origins who wielded a large amount of influence in Albemarle County, Virginia, and his wife Jane Randolph on 2 April 1743. Thomas was the third of ten children.
When his father died in 1757, he left "orders" that Thomas complete his education. Thomas, heeding the words of his father, entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg in 1760. Jefferson would later credit one of his math professors, a man by the name of Dr. Small, as being one of his biggest inspirations to excel in school. Peter Jefferson had also encouraged his children to pursue musical studies. Thomas was a talented violinist who played often at the weekly parties hosted by the Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier. It was through his interaction with Fauquier that Jefferson learned about the social, political, and parliamentary life of Europe which heavily influenced that in America.
After graduating from William and Mary, Jefferson studied law and in April 1764, after his 21st birthday, Jefferson assumed the management of his fathers estate and extensive lands. He was also named vestryman and a justice of the peace, positions he more or less inherited from his father. At this time, Jefferson developed his zeal for farming; an obsession that he would sustain for the rest of his life. Jefferson always believed that the United States should build its economy on agriculture, and not on industry. He simultaneously continued his studies of the law, which lead him to the writings of Lord Coke, a respected Whig party member who espoused the idea of religious freedom. Lord Coke's writings inspired Jefferson to reject Nathan Hale's assertion that Christianity was an inherent part of the laws in England, which inspired him in later years to write the Statute for Religions Freedom.
