The question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Question: Innate immunity:
a) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen.
b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
c) is found only in vertebrates
d) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen
Answer:
b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
Explanation:
Innate immunity is the nonspecific immune response that provides immediate and the most general protection against all types of pathogens, parasites, toxins and cancer cells. Innate immune responses serve to prevent the pathogens from entering the body. The components of innate immunity also rapidly destroy those pathogens that have entered the body.
Some of the components of innate immunity are the first line of defense such as the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes. The components of the second line of defense such as natural killer cells, phagocytes and inflammatory response are also involved in innate immune responses.
For example, cuticle or skin serves as a physical barrier to pathogens that come in contact with an animal’s body. Phagocytosis kills the bacteria that invade the body.
Answer:
Option (a), (c), and (d).
Explanation:
The DNA is the genetic material of almost all the living organisms but in case of some viruses RNA acts as the genetic material. The DNA requires the binding of proteins and factors for the proper functioning of the cellular system.
The DNA and protein interaction is bounded by non covalent interactions as these interactions are not permanent in nature. The non covalent interaction include the hydrogen bonding, vander walls and ionic interaction. The covalent interaction is the strongest interaction present in nature.
Thus, the correct answer is option (f).
Answer: Effector cytotoxic T cells
Explanation:
Cells infected with a virus or another internal cellular infection are immediately killed by effector cytotoxic T cells.
Answer:
NO!! you trying to kill off the human race or worse?
