Well if we had a list of options we could maybe help you
The correct answer is that "for most clients, surgery is recommended only if non-surgical treatments have been unsuccessful." This is because of the guidelines involving medicine and surgery as well as guidelines involving the treatment of colitis. The question should have specified what type of colitis is the patient having, whether infectious or autoimmune. In infectious colitis, then surgery almost has no role and medical treatment with antibiotics as well as supportive therapy and fluid replacement are the only ones needed. In autoimmune colitis such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, while immunosuppressor drugs may have a role, surgery may be the mainstay of treatment especially those who are at risk of malignant degeneration.
Answer:
1. Inhibiting IP3 channels, leading to decreased Ca2 in the sarcoplasm and reduced contraction.
2. Increasing the relative activity of MLCP, leading to a decrease in tension.
3. Activating K channels, increasing K leaking out of the cell which hyperpolarizes it and decreases the likelihood of Ca2 entry.
Explanation
In smooth muscle, cyclic AMP (cAMP) mediates relaxation because cAMP inhibits a specific kinase required for myosin light chain protein (MLCP) phosphorylation, thereby triggering contraction in the smooth muscles. It has been shown that cAMP inhibits 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent calcium ions (Ca 2+) release by activation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). PKG proteins act to modulate Ca2+ oscillations by stimulating sarcoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase membrane proteins, increasing Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and Ca2+ efflux from the cells, and activate voltage-gated potassium (K) channels, thereby leading to membrane hyperpolarization and reducing Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels.
