Answer:
Ballot initiatives may be either direct or indirect. In a direct ballot initiative, the proposed measure is placed directly on the ballot after being submitted by a certified petition. Under the less common indirect initiative, the proposed measure is placed on a ballot for a popular vote only if it has first been rejected by the state legislature. Laws specifying the number and qualifications of names required to place an initiative on a ballot vary
Explanation:
The Nile river give transportation, fertile soil, water and food(fish)
A West African ruler converts to Islam.
Answer: Option D
<u>Explanation:</u>
- The post classical era marked expansion of civilizations and development of trade. International trade developed even beyond Silk Road expanding to Europe, Africa, Asia.
- Islam started spreading based on the revelation of prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula. Islam had a reflection of Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians.
- Islam started spreading widely in Africa, Europe and Asia due to invasions, expansions, merchants and trade activities.
- Africa was the first continent to be converted to Islam. Almost one third of the Muslims are in this continent.
Because it was a Muslim Empire bet on Conquest of all non-Muslim lands (especially Christian Europe), it was hostile to trade and/or exploration by Christian Kingdoms and/or principalities. Before the Ottomans, Europe used the Silk Road and the Spice Trade Routes that went through the lands that were later conquered by the Ottomans (Asia Minor) who then blocked all trade and exploration ventures into Asia and/or the Middle East.
This forced European powers to seek alternate routes for commerce and exploration in Asia. The Portuguese were the first, they circumnavigated and explored the African coastline all the way to the southernmost part of Africa and finally made it to India. This allowed them to renew and control the lucrative Spice Trade and further map the unknown world. Spain was engaged in a hegemonic strife with Portugal and thanks to Christopher Columbus, who was seeking an alternate; shorter route to India sailed through the Atlantic and discovered the New World.
Answer:
activating 150,000 reservists and increasing defense expenditures.
Explanation:
in preparation for a potential conflict over the future of the city.
