The correct answer is resistance stage.
Hans Selye was a very important endocrinologist working in the field of biological stress. He developed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) which is a model describing an animal's response to stress. GAS is comprised of three stages; the alarm, the resistance and the exhaustion stage.
During the resistance stage, the body's glands produce and secrete several hormones which protect the individual from the perceived stressor. Some of the hormones produced at this stage are the glucocorticoids.
Answer:
Since high ethanol is a major stress during ethanol fermentation, ethanol-tolerant yeast strains are highly desirable for ethanol production on an industrial scale. A technology called global transcriptional machinery engineering (gTME), which exploits a mutant SPT15 library that encodes the TATA-binding protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Alper et al., 2006; Science 314: 1565-1568), appears to be a powerful tool. to create ethanol tolerant strains. However, the ability of the strains created to tolerate high ethanol content in rich media remains to be demonstrated. In this study, a similar strategy was used to obtain five strains with higher ethanol tolerance (ETS1-5) of S. cerevisiae. When comparing the global transcriptional profiles of two selected strains ETS2 and ETS3 with that of the control, 42 genes that were commonly regulated with a double change were identified. Of the 34 deletion mutants available in an inactivated gene library, 18 were sensitive to ethanol, suggesting that these genes were closely associated with tolerance to ethanol.
Explanation:
Eight of them were novel and most were functionally unknown. To establish a basis for future industrial applications, the iETS2 and iETS3 strains were created by integrating the SPT15 mutant alleles of ETS2 and ETS3 into the chromosomes, which also exhibited increased tolerance to ethanol and survival after ethanol shock in a rich medium. Fermentation with 20% glucose for 24 h in a bioreactor revealed that iETS2 and iETS3 grew better and produced approximately 25% more ethanol than a control strain. The performance and productivity of ethanol also improved substantially: 0.31 g / g and 2.6 g / L / h, respectively, for the control and 0.39 g / g and 3.2 g / L / h, respectively, for iETS2 and iETS3.
Therefore, our study demonstrates the utility of gTME in generating strains with increased tolerance to ethanol that resulted in increased ethanol production. Strains with increased tolerance to other stresses such as heat, fermentation inhibitors, osmotic pressure, etc., can be further created using gTME.
Distillation is a method for separating the components of a mixture based on boiling point differences
Answer:
1. Anaerobic
2. lactate
3. Aerobically
Explanation:
During excessive muscular activities such as a marathon, lactate fermentation occurs in muscles to serve as a source of ATP to sustain muscle contraction. The lactate produced during lactate fermentation is removed aerobically from muscles. Lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold refers to the intensity of physical activity that produces the blood lactate at a fast rate than its removal.
Increased intensity of exercise or physical activity increases lactate production. As the intensity reaches the point at which lactate cannot be removed from the body fast enough, it is accumulated and causes fatigue in muscles. Therefore, the lactate threshold is the upper limit that can be sustained aerobically by the body without any accumulation of lactate.
