There are choices for this question namely: <span> Leukopenia Weight gain Polycythemia Hepatomegaly Jugular vein distension
The correct answers are "weight gain", "hepatomegaly" and "jugular vein distension". Along with bipedal edema, these signs are associated with the complication of COPD which is called <em>cor pulmonale</em>. Cor pulmonale is a kind of right sided heart failure wherein blood pools to the systemic circulation because the right side of the heart cannot overcome the pulmonary vascular resistance brought about the COPD. Pooling of blood in the systemic circulation causes bipedal edema, hepatomegaly (cardiac cirrhosis; congestion of the liver), weight gain (increased interstitial fluid volume), and jugular vein distension. </span>
The cell membrane is comprised of a phospholipid bilayer that remains interspersed with protein molecules.
Each phospholipid molecule is comprised of:
A glycerol molecule linked with the help of ester bonds to,
one phosphate group,
two fatty acid (saturated or unsaturated) molecules.
Being hydrophilic in nature, the phosphate group faces outside the lipid bilayer forming hydrogen bonds with the water molecules.
Being hydrophobic in nature, the fatty acid molecules faces to the interior of the bilayer avoiding contact with water and forming hydrophobic interactions with each other.
The saturated fatty acid molecules have a straight hydrocarbon chain as they lack any double bonds. However, the unsaturated fatty acid molecules possess multiple double bonds that generate a kink or bent in their structure. The kink causes the molecules to occupy more space in the bilayer and also help these molecules to move laterally about their position, thereby generating fluidity in the membrane.
The lateral movement of the lipid molecules also causes the lateral movement in the interspersed protein molecules.
The interspersed protein molecules has various functions like, they act as channel proteins, carrier proteins, receptor proteins, etc.
<span>Every living thing needs food. Whether it makes it, or gets it from another living thing by eating that living thing. No living thing can survive without a food source. Food is where you get the energy for life.</span>
Proteins help form immunoglobulins, or antibodies, to fight infection. Antibodies are proteins in your blood that help protect your body from harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. When these foreign invaders enter your cells, your body produces antibodies that tag them for elimination.
