The electromagnetic wave is self propagating, what I mean by that is, an electric field generates a magnetic field at 90 degree phase angle, and the magnetic wave you get as a result generates the electric wave at the same phase angle. The interchange of electric to magnetic and vice versa continues and lets the electromagnetic waves to travel without any medium. Quite interesting, really!
The answer is the second option: It’s difficult to predict the effects of new policies and procedures.
