Answer:
Three ways a scientist can reduce bias include: 1) Sampling a larger pool (assuming the subjects are human) in order to broaden recorded data. 2) Making sure to sample more than one group. This means to not just sample one's friends, etc.
Answer:
Since the nature of pollutants is not mentioned in the question, several speculations can be made here.
- Pollutants can affect the photosynthesis: Some pollutants are toxic to plant metabolic reactions such as photosynthesis. This is because of their oxidative nature that can damage the photosystems. This ultimately impairs the plant functioning, e.g. ozone in the air.
- Pollutants can affect the plant-associated microbial communities: Some pollutants such as antibiotics can target plant-associated bacterial communities that are required for plant health. Just like the human gut, plants also have beneficial bacteria that live inside the plant tissues. These bacteria are called endophytes. The harmful nature of the compounds can affect those bacteria which decreases plant fitness.
- Pollutants can compete with nutrients that act as limiting factors: Some pollutants are hydrophobic in nature and make the beneficial nutrients less available to the plants. Likewise, some pollutants reduce the bioavailability of plant necessary nutrients directly. This results in reduced growth and development in plants.
- Pollutants can cause physical damages to plant tissues: Some pollutants are highly reactive in nature and can cause physical damages to the plants. This will result in the attack of pathogens at the wound site which can later take control of host metabolic machinery at later stages. Resultantly, plant fitness is decreased and in some cases, it dies off completely.
It is important to consider that some pollutants are taken up easily by plants whereas other pollutants are difficult. This is because of their water solubility criteria. If a pollutant can be taken up by plant directly, it can cause more damages to the plant as compared to the pollutant which interacts from outside.
Characteristics of Maltase from Baker's Yeast:
Molecular weight: 68,500 daltons. pH Optimum: 7.0 - 7.5 using maltose as the substrate. Inhibitors: Thiol blocking compounds, heavy metal ions, histidine, and certain amines. Tris should not be used as a buffer due to its inhibitory effect.
Answer:
Changes involved in succession
Explanation:
In the field of ecology, community composition changes over time. The study of succession addresses this change, which can be influenced by the environment, biotic interactions, and dispersal. This change in community composition over time is termed succession.
