The church exerted considerable influence over society during the Middle Ages, and the majority of explanations for observed events were perceived as commands from God. As a result, scientific growth made minimal progress during this time.
At that time, ships were thought to fall when they approached the horizon, and the flat Earth notion was widely accepted across Europe. However, other philosophers asserted that the Earth was a spherical and that this property prevented observers from seeing the full surface of the planet.
Since Christopher Columbus was among the thinkers who thought the Earth was spherical, he wanted to create a new trade route by circumnavigating the globe to reach the East Indies.

Thus the correct answer is Option C.

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Here's the full question-

Christopher Columbus's voyage was based on what scientific theory that had not at the time been confirmed through experiment?

A. An iron ship can still be buoyant if it displaces enough water.

B.The stars can reliably indicate which direction is north.

C.The earth is spherical, enabling westward sailing to reach eastern lands.

D.Using geometry, a sailboat can successfully travel in the opposite direction from the wind.

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