Embracing the complexity of the microbiome means doing away with pat conceptions of its function.
Your body is a habitat to trillions of microscopic organisms known, collectively, as your microbiome. Today, the microbiome is one of the hottest areas of biological research, and for good reason. This body-wide ecosystem not only adapts to our diets, lifestyles, and medications, it's also been shown hold sway over our health. The implications for personalized medicine seem clear – the more we understand about the microbiome, the more we can do to condition, or control it to our liking.
But to what end? To shepherd one's microbiome toward some idealized state of healthiness would first require that such a state exists. What does such a state look like? Nobody knows, because an ideal microbiome is almost certainly an illusion. As science writer Ed Yong opines in today's New York Times, contrary to claims by the probiotic industry and the booming genre of microbiome diet books, any system as "complex, varied, ever changing and context-dependent" as the microbiome will, by its very nature, resist easy categorization:
The microbiome is the sum of our experiences throughout our lives: the genes we inherited, the drugs we took, the food we ate, the hands we shook. It is unlikely to yield one-size-fits-all solutions to modern maladies.
We cling to the desire for simple panaceas that will bestow good health with minimal effort. But biology is rarely that charitable. So we need to learn how tweaking our diets, lifestyles and environments can nudge and shape the ecosystems in our bodies. And we need ways of regularly monitoring a person's microbiome to understand how its members flicker over time, and whether certain communities are more steadfast than others.
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Answer:
Stratum Granulosum
Explanation:
The stratum granulosum is a layer of the epidermis and consists of four to six cell layers. The keratinocyte appearance changes in the cell layers of stratum granulosum as some cells stop dividing and the process of keratinization starts. Keratinization includes filling the cells with the protein keratin. During keratinization, the cells flatten, and the disintegration of their nuclei and organelles occur.
Due to the loss of the nucleus, these cells cannot divide and become dead. The keratinized cells accumulate keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules. The cells of this layer have thick plasma membrane due to the binding of cytosol proteins bind to the inner membrane face and coating of the external surface of the membrane by lipids of lamellar granules.
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