Top-down effects imply control through predation, including fishery, while
bottom-up effects imply control through food abundance, often thought to be driven by climate or nutrient load.
<h3>What is Top down regulation ?</h3>
The top-down effect refers to a higher trophic level influences the community structure of a lower trophic level through predation.
<h3>What is Bottom up regulation ?</h3>
The bottom-up effect means that a lower trophic level in the biological network affects the community structure of higher trophic levels by means of resource restriction
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Answer:
Explanation:
Waxy cuticle is a white powdery substance that is insoluble, it is found usually on the surface of stem or leave and it prevent excessive loss of water through transpiration.
It is an adaptive mechanism used in dry areas or desert to help plants retain water that is needed for their growth by reducing amount of water loss through transpiration.
Cactus is an example of plant with cuticle that thrive well in dry areas
Answer:
Complex carbohydrates contain longer chains of sugar molecules than simple carbohydrates. The body converts these sugar molecules into glucose, which it uses for energy. As complex carbohydrates have longer chains, they take longer to break down and provide more lasting energy in the body than simple carbohydrates
Explanation:
