Answer: the correct answer is 1.- B. Literacy increased among ordinary people. 2.-A. growing wealth in the cities 3.-D. The Canterbury Tales, by English writer Geoffrey Chaucer 4.- C. There were many wealthy banking families who supported the arts. 5.-A. the sonnet 6.- D. using reason and observation to solve a problem 7.- A. People could improve their earthly lives. 8.-C. Michelangelo
Describe the means by which Spain attempted to defend and spread Catholicism at home and abroad.
After centuries of the Reconquista, in which Christian Spaniards fought to drive out the Moors, the Spanish wanted institutions to defend the faith they had.
Describe the contributions of Greek, Jewish, Muslim, and Renaissance scholars to the Scientific Revolution.
Scholars from these counties had very much to do with the Scientific Revolution.
Maimonides, a Jewish scholar from Spain who eventually moved to Egypt, linked the ideas of Greeks like Aristotle with Jewish teachings. Thomas Aquinas, an Italian Catholic priest who was influenced by the ideas of the Muslim scholar al-Ghazali tried to connect scientific understandings with Christian teachings. Scholars like Maimonides and Aquinas caused some people to believe that there was not a conflict between religion and science.
Identify two specific ways the Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of Protestantism.
With the Counter-Reformation. This included such things as the Council of Trent (1545–1563) to respond to the ideas of the Reformers and affirm the Catholic faith.
With missionaries, often at the risk of martyrdom, served Catholics cut off from the sacraments, and to try to convert Protestants.
Explain how the Peace of Augsburg, the Edict of Nantes, and the Peace of Westphalia all strengthened secular rulers.
These treaties gave permission to rulers to choose freely if they wanted to be Catholic or Protestant. The aim was to stop wars. Secularism is as defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the "indifference to, or rejection or exclusion of, religion and religious considerations." So as you can see this was necessary to avoid conflicts.
