Vroom, Herzberg, and Ma-slow give the theories in which they all focused on need satisfaction a person. Vroom differentiates between performance, outcomes, and efforts. But on the other hand Ma-slow and Herzberg, both focus on the relationship between the internal needs and their outcomes.
Valence is a term that focuses on the value output by the employee. In the positive valence, the person must attain the outcomes but do not attain the valence. The employee can be motivated by a good incentive such as money. Thus the person who pays more value money will attain money rather than an external time off.
The Valence expectancy work on perception rather than motivation. It can work for some but not for all.
Explanation: In the this scenario, The humanities instructor is using a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. The instructor used the word 'surprise' meaning the time and date of the test isn't fixed and the quizzes will come up at unpredictable time intervals. This kind of reinforcement results in a steady response rate as it keeps students on their toes simply due to the fact that they have no idea of when the quizzes are coming up.
Social workers must ensure that their clients comes on top of their responsibilities. They just constantly repsect the privacy of their clients whilst they ensure that what ever they talk about with the clients they never share it with anyone else even with their family members , j
The start of the Cold War and the subsequent Second Red Scare instilled fear and intimidation in American culture, to the point where individuals were afraid to question the assumption that the US was always on the right side of history. This is an form of manipulation which is why I believe American citizens were manipulated by the fear factor presented in Cold War media.
