Yes, they believe in Allah and Muhammad. However they believe that there was a man named Jesus but they don't believe he's the son of God.
The conversion of farmable or habitable land to desert, as by a change in climate or destructive land use, is known as desertification.
Purposive behaviorism
Edward c. Tolman's system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called Purposive behaviorism
A subfield of psychology called "purposeful behaviorism" was developed by Edward Tolman. It combines the study of behavior with an analysis of the reason for or objective of behavior. According to Tolman, understanding of the environment and how an organism interacts with it is the foundation for learning. Tolman wanted to pinpoint the intricate cognitive processes and motivations that underpinned conduct.
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Fighting between city-states led to the Peloponnese War.