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gulaghasi [49]
3 years ago
11

Perkembangan HAM di dindonesia dalam aspek kehidupan

Business
1 answer:
RoseWind [281]3 years ago
7 0
Perkembangan HAM di indonesia terbagi dalam dua periode

 

1.    Periode sebelum kemerdekaan (1908-1945)

Lahirnya HAM pada periode ini tidak lepas dari penyebab pelanggaran HAM oleh penjajahan kolonial Belanda dan Jepang sehingga muncul pergerakan-pergerakan yang membela HAM. Boedi Oetomo yang mengawali organisasi pergerakan nasional mula-mula yang menyuarakan kesadaran berserikat dan mengeluarkan pendapat melalui petis-petisi yang ditujukan kepada pemerintah kolonial maupun lewat tulisan di surat kabar. Selain Boedi Oetomo (1908), juga terdapat organisasa lain seperti :

-       Sarekat Islam (1911),

-       Indische Partij (1912),

-       Partai Komunis Indonesia (1920)

-       Perhimpunan Indonesia (1925),dan

-       Partai Nasional Indonesia (1927)

Puncak perdebatan punn terjadi dalam sidang BPUPKI.

 

2.    Periode setelah kemerdekaan

a.     1945-1950

Pada periode awal pasca kemerdekaan masih menekankan pada wacana hak merdeka, hak kebebasan untuk berserikat melalui organisasi politik yang didirikan, serta hak kebebasan untuk menyampaikan pendapat terutama di parlemen. wacana HAM bisa dicirikan pada bidang sipil politik dan bidang ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya

 

b.    Periode 1950-1959 (masa perlementer).

Masa ini adalah masa yang sangat kondusif sesuai dengan prinsip demokrasi liberal yaitu kebebasan mendapat tempat dalam kehidupan politik nasional. pada Terdapat lima indikator HAM dalam masa ini:

-       Munculnya partai-partai politik dengan beragam ideologi.

-       kebebasan pers.

-       Pelaksanaan pemilihan umum secara aman, bebas, dan demokratis   

-       Kontrol parlemen atas eksekutif.

-       perdebatan HAM secara bebas dan demokratis.

 

c.    Periode 1959-1966 (demokrasi terpimpin)

Masa ini merupakan bentuk penolakan presiden Soekarno terhadap sistem Demokrasi Parlementer yang di nilai sebagai produk barat karena tidak sesuai dengan karakter bangsa Indonesia yang telah memiliki cara tersendiri dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat dan bernegara. Pada sistem Demokrasi terpimpin kekuasaan terpusat di tangan Presiden. Kekuasaan Presiden Soekarno bersifat absolut, bahkan di nobatkan sebagai Presiden RI seumur hidup.

 

d.    Periode 1966-1998 (Orde Baru)

Sama halnya dengan Orde Lama, Orde Baru juga memandang HAM dan demokrasi bsebagai produk Barat yang individualisme dan bertentangan dengan bangsa Indonesia terutama Pancasila dan UUD 1945 yang lebih dulu ada dibandingkan dengan Deklarasi Universal HAM. Selain itu, isu HAM sering kali digunakan olah negara-negara barat untuk memojokkaan negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Pelanggaran HAM Orde Baru dapat dilihat dari kebijakan politik Orde Baru yang bersifat Sentralistik dan anti segala gerakan politik yang berbeda dengan pemerintah .

 

e.    Periode pasca Orde Baru

Berakhirnya kekuasaan Orde Baru sekaligus menandai berakhirnya rezim militer di Indonesia dan datangnya era baru demokrasi dan HAM. Pada masa ini, perhatian pemerintah terhadap pelaksanaan HAM mengalami perkembangan yang sangat signifikan yang ditandai dengan Tap MPR No. XVII/MPR/1998 tentang HAM, pengesahan UU tentang HAM, pembentukan Kantor Menteri Negara Urusan HAM yang kemudian di gabung dengan Departeman Hukum dan Perundang-undangan menjadi Departeman Kehakiman dan HAM, penambahan pasal-pasal khusus tentang HAM dalam amandemen UUD 1945, pengesahan UU tentang pengadilan HAM.

 
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Answer:

Instructions are listed below

Explanation:

Giving the following information:

Kristen Lu purchased a used automobile for $10,100 at the beginning of last year and incurred the following operating costs: Depreciation ($10,100 ÷ 5 years) $ 2,020 Insurance $ 1,100 Garage rent $ 600 Automobile tax and license $ 280 Variable operating cost $ 0.14 per mile

1) 10,000 miles

Insurance= 1,100

Garage= 600

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Total= $3,380

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Sanders, Inc., paid a $4 dividend per share last year and is expected to continue to pay out 60% of its earnings as dividends fo
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Answer:

The price of the stock today is $42.94

Explanation:

The price of a stock whose dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate is calculated using the constant growth model of Dividend Discount model approach. It bases the price of the stock on the present value of the expected future dividends. The price today under this model is calculated as follows,

P0 = D0 * (1+g)  /  r - g

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6 0
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​Billy's Hamburger Barn has a single​ drive-up window.​ Currently, there is one attendant at the window who takes the order ​(20
Umnica [9.8K]

Answer:

The map of the current process is found in the attached

The minimum cycle time is 1 min 40 seconds

The longest cycle time is 2 min 35 seconds

The new minimum cycle is 1 min 15 seconds

The new longest cycle time is  2 mins

The potential problem that could surface from splitting the process is that once the customer has finished paying the customer has to wait for about 30 to 55 seconds before the second attendant finishes with packaging,hence ,a queue would likely be formed awaiting the second attendant.

The problem could be solved by ensuring the taking money and packaging takes the same time.

Explanation:

Minimum cycle time=20+55+25=100 seconds=1 minute 40 seconds

The longest cycle time=30+90+35=155 seconds=2 min 35 seconds

The new minimum cycle time=20+55=75 seconds=1 min 15 seconds

Taking customer's money also happened in the first 35 seconds of the 55 seconds above.

The new longest cycle time=30+90=120 seconds=2 mins

Download xlsx
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​Your firm manufactures motorcycles for the consumer market. You purchase raw materials to build the motorcycles from a variety
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Answer:

The correct answer is letter "E": Derived demand.

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Answer:

A

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Optimization using total value calculates the total value of each feasible option and then picks the option with the highest total value.

Optimization using marginal analysis calculates the change in total value when a person switches from one feasible option to another, and the uses these marginal comparisons to choose the option with the highest total value.

Both gives identical answers.

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One of it, is Total value total benefit - total cost (net benefit).

It translate all cost and benefits into common units, like dollar per month.

Calculate the total net benefit of each alternative.

Pick the alternative with the highest net benefit.

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