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gulaghasi [49]
3 years ago
11

Perkembangan HAM di dindonesia dalam aspek kehidupan

Business
1 answer:
RoseWind [281]3 years ago
7 0
Perkembangan HAM di indonesia terbagi dalam dua periode

 

1.    Periode sebelum kemerdekaan (1908-1945)

Lahirnya HAM pada periode ini tidak lepas dari penyebab pelanggaran HAM oleh penjajahan kolonial Belanda dan Jepang sehingga muncul pergerakan-pergerakan yang membela HAM. Boedi Oetomo yang mengawali organisasi pergerakan nasional mula-mula yang menyuarakan kesadaran berserikat dan mengeluarkan pendapat melalui petis-petisi yang ditujukan kepada pemerintah kolonial maupun lewat tulisan di surat kabar. Selain Boedi Oetomo (1908), juga terdapat organisasa lain seperti :

-       Sarekat Islam (1911),

-       Indische Partij (1912),

-       Partai Komunis Indonesia (1920)

-       Perhimpunan Indonesia (1925),dan

-       Partai Nasional Indonesia (1927)

Puncak perdebatan punn terjadi dalam sidang BPUPKI.

 

2.    Periode setelah kemerdekaan

a.     1945-1950

Pada periode awal pasca kemerdekaan masih menekankan pada wacana hak merdeka, hak kebebasan untuk berserikat melalui organisasi politik yang didirikan, serta hak kebebasan untuk menyampaikan pendapat terutama di parlemen. wacana HAM bisa dicirikan pada bidang sipil politik dan bidang ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya

 

b.    Periode 1950-1959 (masa perlementer).

Masa ini adalah masa yang sangat kondusif sesuai dengan prinsip demokrasi liberal yaitu kebebasan mendapat tempat dalam kehidupan politik nasional. pada Terdapat lima indikator HAM dalam masa ini:

-       Munculnya partai-partai politik dengan beragam ideologi.

-       kebebasan pers.

-       Pelaksanaan pemilihan umum secara aman, bebas, dan demokratis   

-       Kontrol parlemen atas eksekutif.

-       perdebatan HAM secara bebas dan demokratis.

 

c.    Periode 1959-1966 (demokrasi terpimpin)

Masa ini merupakan bentuk penolakan presiden Soekarno terhadap sistem Demokrasi Parlementer yang di nilai sebagai produk barat karena tidak sesuai dengan karakter bangsa Indonesia yang telah memiliki cara tersendiri dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat dan bernegara. Pada sistem Demokrasi terpimpin kekuasaan terpusat di tangan Presiden. Kekuasaan Presiden Soekarno bersifat absolut, bahkan di nobatkan sebagai Presiden RI seumur hidup.

 

d.    Periode 1966-1998 (Orde Baru)

Sama halnya dengan Orde Lama, Orde Baru juga memandang HAM dan demokrasi bsebagai produk Barat yang individualisme dan bertentangan dengan bangsa Indonesia terutama Pancasila dan UUD 1945 yang lebih dulu ada dibandingkan dengan Deklarasi Universal HAM. Selain itu, isu HAM sering kali digunakan olah negara-negara barat untuk memojokkaan negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Pelanggaran HAM Orde Baru dapat dilihat dari kebijakan politik Orde Baru yang bersifat Sentralistik dan anti segala gerakan politik yang berbeda dengan pemerintah .

 

e.    Periode pasca Orde Baru

Berakhirnya kekuasaan Orde Baru sekaligus menandai berakhirnya rezim militer di Indonesia dan datangnya era baru demokrasi dan HAM. Pada masa ini, perhatian pemerintah terhadap pelaksanaan HAM mengalami perkembangan yang sangat signifikan yang ditandai dengan Tap MPR No. XVII/MPR/1998 tentang HAM, pengesahan UU tentang HAM, pembentukan Kantor Menteri Negara Urusan HAM yang kemudian di gabung dengan Departeman Hukum dan Perundang-undangan menjadi Departeman Kehakiman dan HAM, penambahan pasal-pasal khusus tentang HAM dalam amandemen UUD 1945, pengesahan UU tentang pengadilan HAM.

 
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Answer:

$1,840

Explanation:

In order to calculate the Marginal cost of producing the computers in 2nd hour of work, we need to add the marginal cost of computer and marginal cost of wage in the 2nd hour of work.

MC = MC(computers) + MC(wage)

MC = $1,800(w) + $40

MC = $1,840

Working

MC (computers ) = 3 x 600$ = $1,800

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                    1st                        4

                    2nd                      7

If pam works 2 hours she can assemble 7 computers but she already assembled 4 computers in 1st hour.

So the 2nd-hour computers will be 3 ( 7 - 4) computers.

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This industry is also a decreasing cost industry. A decreasing cost industry can be defined as the type of industry where an increase in the number of firms in the industry causes the average production cost to decline.  

The industry is currently in long-run equilibrium and has the price level at $5.

As the demand increases, the price level will initially increase. But this increase in the price will cause the profits to increase and thus attract potential firms to join the market.  

As the number of firms increases the average cost of production will decrease. As a result, the supply in the market will increase more than the demand.  

So the long-run equilibrium will be reestablished at a lower price than earlier.

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Answer:

intermediate and long-range capital improvement plans for general capital assets

Explanation:

Capital budgeting in domain of finance

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To ascertain the unit of shares,see below:

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Which also means that $1,100,000 is for 110,000units of shares.

In each of these cases highlighted above share price is $10

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