The United States wants Japan to get rid of the clause. The reason behind them wanting to do this is for Japan to rise in the region in response to China. China is becoming very powerful in the region and has a lot of influence over the region and the US would like Japan to deter China's influence.
Spain created a formal system of government to rule its colonies. The Spanish forced Native Americans to work in the gold and silver mines.
The two types of farm owning developed slavery because the owners of them were allowed to have slaves. The encomienda system was based on the idea that conquerors should have slaves to work for them, and it similarly applied to sugar colonies that had slaves on them. They were responsible for a lot of trafficking of slaves from Africa.
Virginia, Alabama, and Georgia had the highest percentage of enslaved people in their total population.
They created a limited government because they were escaping an oppressive one. They had been under the rule of Great Britain, a basically unlimited government. They did not want to create the same thing to replace the one that they had known.