The African National Congress (ANC) is the Republic of South Africa's governing political party. It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level, beginning with the election of Nelson Mandela in the 1994 election. Today, the ANC remains the dominant political party in South Africa, winning every election since 1994. Cyril Ramaphosa, the incumbent President of South Africa, has served as leader of the ANC since 18 December 2017.[3]
Founded on 8 January 1912 by John Langalibalele Dube in Bloemfontein as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), its primary mission was to give voting rights to black and mixed-race Africans and, from the 1940s, to end apartheid.[4] The ANC originally attempted to use nonviolent protests to end apartheid, however, the Sharpeville massacre resulted in the deaths of 69 black Africans and contributed to deteriorating relations with the South African government. On 8 April 1960, the administration of Charles Robberts Swart, banned the ANC and forced the party to leave South Africa.[5] After the ban, the ANC formed the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) to fight against apartheid utilizing guerrilla warfare and sabotage. On 3 February 1990, State President F. W. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela on 11 February 1990.[6] On 17 March 1992, the apartheid referendum was passed by the voters removing apartheid and allowing the ANC to run in the 1994 election. Since the 1994 election the ANC has performed better than 60% in all general elections, including the most recent 2014 election.
The fugitive slave act was passed (a) as part of the compromise in 1850. The compromise was reached as an attempt to avert a crisis between North and South America. The issue of slavery had caused deep divisions between the North and South of America. The Fugitive Slave Act was a means of forcing the return of escaped slaves to their owners; even if the slaves had escaped to other states.
The Southern Plantations Owners (a) group supported The Fugitive Slave Act.
South Carolina (a) was the first state to secede.
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The national hero, the initiator of the accession of the Spanish Florida, Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) led the country at 62, but the age did not prevent him from showing himself as one of the most active presidents in history. For authoritarian manners, the active use of the veto, and shaking up the entire government mechanism in order to appoint loyal supporters to key posts, Jackson earned the people the nickname "King Andrew." However, this did not prevent him from being reelected in 1832 for a second term and becoming a real symbol of the era of classical American democracy (which is often called “Jacksonian”).
Among the events of the Jackson administration, two episodes deserve attention, when the strengthening of presidential power played a key role in determining the course of the country's further development. The first episode is related to an attempt by South Carolina to refuse to comply with federal laws on import trade duties. Southern cotton producers did not like the policy of industrial protectionism pursued by the federal center in the interests of the northern and western states, and the southerners, led by Jackson's first vice president John Calhoun, decided in 1832 to oppose protectionism to the so-called "The doctrine of nullification." President Jackson’s reaction was instantaneous: US Army units were sent to South Carolina, and only the intervention of the “master of compromises,” Henry Clay, helped to avoid a civil war. South Carolina was content with promises of a gradual reduction in fees and repealed its nullification laws.
If in the case of the Carolina revolt, Jackson acted contrary to his own ideology (he was an opponent of the increase in duties), on the basis of authoritarian approaches, then in another famous episode, the president exercised not only his power, but also his aspirations. It is about the elimination of the National Bank of the United States, the famous brainchild of Alexander Hamilton. In 1833, Jackson withdrew federal funds from the bank’s accounts, thereby inflicting a blow, as he believed, on the east coast elite, “dragging a financial noose around the neck of the American people.” Supporters of the president were delighted, but in the long run the decision had many negative consequences: the financial sector for many decades got out of direct government control.
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C: The bill was passed by Congress, then passed again to overcome President Truman’s veto.
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In 1947, the Taft-Hartley Act was passed to restrict union rights. Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act, but it was still passed by Congress. And presidents have used this act to intervene in major national strikes.
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