b. The process spirals back and forth among reflection, data collection, and action.
Explanation:
An action research is conducted in order to solve an identified problem and to come up with a solution that is appropriate for all the involved parties. Action research is very common in education sector as well as in other domains. The process is based on the data collection and analysis and then the action that has been formulated based on the results of the research. The outcome of the action is then reflected and evaluated and if further improvement is needed or the problem is not completely solved then the same process is repeated again until satisfactory results are achieved. Hence, in a way, the process spirals back and forth among reflection, data collection, and action.
