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Flura [38]
3 years ago
12

Recall that the name of a transport-layer packet is segment and that the name of a link-layer packet is frame. What is the name

of a network-layer packet? Recall that both routers and link-layer switches are called packet switches. What is the fundamental difference between a router and link-layer switch?
Computers and Technology
1 answer:
AlladinOne [14]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:

A network-layer packet is a data gram. A router forwards a packet based on the packet's IP (layer 3) address. A link-layer switch forwards a packet based on the packet's MAC (layer 2) address.

Explanation:

When the end system receives the unstructured bit stream from the physical wire, each layer removes the header information applicable to it until the application receives the data.

1. An application, such as an email program, creates data that will be sent by an end user, such as an email message. The Application layer places a header (encapsulation) field that contains information such as screen size and fonts, and passes the data to the Presentation layer.

2. The Presentation layer places layer 6 header information. For example, the text in the message might be converted to ASCII. The Presentation layer will then pass the new data to the Session layer (layer 5).

3. The Session layer follows the same process by adding layer 5 header information, such as information that the Session layer will manage the data flow, and passes this data to the Transport layer (layer 4).

4. The Transport layer places layer 4 information, such as an acknowledgement that the segment was received in the header, and passes it to the Network layer (layer 3).

5. The Network layer places layer 3 header information, such as the source and destination address so the Network layer can determine the best delivery path for the packets, and passes this data to the Data Link layer (layer 2).

6. The Data Link layer places layer 2 header and trailer information, such as a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) to ensure that the information is not corrupt, and passes this new data to the Physical layer (layer 1) for transmission across the media.

7. The bit stream is then transmitted as ones and zeros on the Physical layer. It is at this point that the Physical layer ensures bit synchronisation. Bit synchronisation will ensure the end user data is assembled in the correct order it was sent.

8. Steps 1 through 7 occur in reverse order on the destination device. Device B collects the raw bits from the physical wire and passes them up the

Data Link layer. The Data Link layer removes the headers and trailers and passes the remaining information to the Network layer and so forth until data is received by the Application layer. Eventually, Device B will receive an email notification displaying a message to indicate that a new email message has been received.

You might be interested in
Develop a C program that calculates the final score and the average score for a student from his/her (1)class participation, (2)
Ghella [55]

Answer:

#include <iomanip>

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){

char name[100];

float classp, test, assgn, exam, prctscore,ave;

cout<<"Student Name: ";

cin.getline(name,100);

cout<<"Class Participation: "; cin>>classp;

while(classp <0 || classp > 100){  cout<<"Class Participation: "; cin>>classp; }

cout<<"Test: "; cin>>test;

while(test <0 || test > 100){  cout<<"Test: "; cin>>test; }

cout<<"Assignment: "; cin>>assgn;

while(assgn <0 || assgn > 100){  cout<<"Assignment: "; cin>>assgn; }

cout<<"Examination: "; cin>>exam;

while(exam <0 || exam > 100){  cout<<"Examination: "; cin>>exam; }

cout<<"Practice Score: "; cin>>prctscore;

while(prctscore <0 || prctscore > 100){  cout<<"Practice Score: "; cin>>prctscore; }

ave = (int)(classp + test + assgn + exam + prctscore)/5;

cout <<setprecision(1)<<fixed<<"The average score is "<<ave;  

return 0;}

Explanation:

The required parameters such as cin, cout, etc. implies that the program is to be written in C++ (not C).

So, I answered the program using C++.

Line by line explanation is as follows;

This declares name as character of maximum size of 100 characters

char name[100];

This declares the grading items as float

float classp, test, assgn, exam, prctscore,ave;

This prompts the user for student name

cout<<"Student Name: ";

This gets the student name using getline

cin.getline(name,100);

This prompts the user for class participation. The corresponding while loop ensures that the score s between 0 and 100 (inclusive)

<em> cout<<"Class Participation: "; cin>>classp; </em>

<em> while(classp <0 || classp > 100){  cout<<"Class Participation: "; cin>>classp; } </em>

This prompts the user for test. The corresponding while loop ensures that the score s between 0 and 100 (inclusive)

<em> cout<<"Test: "; cin>>test; </em>

<em> while(test <0 || test > 100){  cout<<"Test: "; cin>>test; } </em>

This prompts the user for assignment. The corresponding while loop ensures that the score s between 0 and 100 (inclusive)

<em> cout<<"Assignment: "; cin>>assgn; </em>

<em> while(assgn <0 || assgn > 100){  cout<<"Assignment: "; cin>>assgn; } </em>

This prompts the user for examination. The corresponding while loop ensures that the score s between 0 and 100 (inclusive)

<em> cout<<"Examination: "; cin>>exam; </em>

<em> while(exam <0 || exam > 100){  cout<<"Examination: "; cin>>exam; } </em>

This prompts the user for practice score. The corresponding while loop ensures that the score s between 0 and 100 (inclusive)

<em> cout<<"Practice Score: "; cin>>prctscore; </em>

<em> while(prctscore <0 || prctscore > 100){  cout<<"Practice Score: "; cin>>prctscore; } </em>

This calculates the average of the grading items

ave = (int)(classp + test + assgn + exam + prctscore)/5;

This prints the calculated average

cout <<setprecision(1)<<fixed<<"The average score is "<<ave;  

8 0
3 years ago
Write the method makeNames that creates and returns a String array of new names based on the method’s two parameter arrays, arra
Gwar [14]

Answer:

  1. import java.util.Arrays;
  2. public class Main {
  3.    public static void main(String[] args) {
  4.        String [] first = {"David", "Mike", "Katie", "Lucy"};
  5.        String [] middle = {"A", "B", "C", "D"};
  6.        String [] names = makeNames(first, middle);
  7.        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(names));
  8.    }
  9.    public static String [] makeNames(String [] array1, String [] array2){
  10.           if(array1.length == 0){
  11.               return array1;
  12.           }
  13.           if(array2.length == 0){
  14.               return array2;
  15.           }
  16.           String [] newNames = new String[array1.length];
  17.           for(int i=0; i < array1.length; i++){
  18.               newNames[i] = array1[i] + " " + array2[i];
  19.           }
  20.           return newNames;
  21.    }
  22. }

Explanation:

The solution code is written in Java.

Firstly, create the makeNames method by following the method signature as required by the question (Line 12). Check if any one the input string array is with size 0, return the another string array (Line 14 - 20). Else, create a string array, newNames (Line 22). Use a for loop to repeatedly concatenate the string from array1 with a single space " " and followed with the string from array2 and set it as item of the newNames array (Line 24-26). Lastly, return the newNames array (Line 28).

In the main program create two string array, first and middle, and pass the two arrays to the makeNames methods as arguments (Line 5-6). The returned array is assigned to names array (Line 7). Display the names array to terminal (Line 9) and we shall get the sample output: [David A, Mike B, Katie C, Lucy D]

5 0
3 years ago
______was developed as an interim management protocol with OSI as the ultimate network management protocol.
RSB [31]

Answer:

Simple Network Management Protocol

Explanation:

Simple Network Management Protocol otherwise referred to as SNMP is a form of computer protocol that is mainly used in obtaining and regulating information relating to connected gadgets. It is practically based on the internet and was originally planned as an interim protocol.

Hence, it can be concluded that the Simple Network Management Protocol was developed as an interim management protocol with OSI as the ultimate network management protocol.

4 0
3 years ago
Write a Python program to convert the characters to lowercase in a string
wel

Answer:

Following is the program in the python language

st = 'sAN RaN'  #String

print(st.lower()) #display into the lowercase

Output:

san ran

Explanation:

Following are the description of program

  • Declared and initialized the string in the "st" variable .
  • The lower function in python is used for converting the uppercase string into the lower case string .
  • Finally in the print function we used lower function and display the  string into the lower case
8 0
4 years ago
to create a cover letter to send to a potential employers along with a resume what software program should you use
tigry1 [53]
Using Word would be correct.
7 0
3 years ago
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