Answer:
1.)A monarch known as the "caliph," which means "successor," headed the Caliphate. The caliph was the Muslim world's religious and political official, and was considered the Prophet Muhammad's heir. When did it all start? After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, the Caliphate was established.
Explanation:
8) For sure it would decrease, however, idk how u would know if it decreases more or less than 2 percents (sorry)
9)<span>D. a tax on a gift from one person to another
10)</span><span>C. Under devolution, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have their own parliaments and create some of their own policy. (history XD)
hope this helps
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<em>It's definitely B, take my word on it.</em>
here's what I found researching some websites.
"<em><u>These thinkers valued reason, science, religious tolerance, and what they called “natural rights”</u></em>—life, liberty, and property. Enlightenment philosophers John Locke, Charles Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all developed theories of government in which some or even all the people would govern."
"The Enlightenment was influenced by reason because it was a time of optimism and possibility. People started to study human nature and society. What new views did philosophers have about government? These rulers inspired further rulers, and people began to believe that human reason could solve any problem."
"Montesquieu believed in the separation of power with checks and balances. Checks and balances are put in place to ensure that no one branch of government has too much power."
"Other enlightenment thinkers have influence on the US constitution. Volitaire's ideas are used. Volitaire believed in religious freedom which is practiced in the US today."
<em>https://colors-newyork.com/how-did-the-enlightenment-influence-the-us-constitution/</em>
<em>there's another link but for some reason brainly says it has a swear word...</em>
Shay's Rebellion pointed out the need for a strong central government.
2. Puerto Rico is a territory and not officially a state.
(1 is Hawaii, 3 is Alaska, and 4 is the continental United States)