In human audition, the vibration of the ossicles is triggered by the vibration of the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) and transmitted directly to the fluid and membranes of the inner ear.
The inner ear is shaped like a snail with a thousands of tiny hair cells in it and it is called the cochlea. Hair cells change the vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain through the auditory nerve.
Answer:
Compare the carboniferous period to the Devonian period is compared below in details.
Explanation:
In the Devonian Period, woods and land plants developed and vertebrates performed their presentation. Four-legged vertebrates developed during the Carboniferous Period, which created an improvement in the number of land-based bodies. The climate of the continental inland sections was very heated through the Devonian Period and usually quite dry while woods and land plants developed during the Carboniferous period.
Answer:
this phenomenon is a natural consequence of evolutionary processes and continental drift
Explanation:
Marsupials are mammals in which newborn offspring are carried in a pouch of the female (mother) body. On the other hand, placentals are mammals that complete embryo development in the mother's body, in the placenta. All the extant marsupials are endemic to Australia and the Americas. It has been shown that marsupials diverged (evolved) in South America, Australia and Antarctica when these landmasses were joined. In Australia, marsupials evolved to fit an ecological niche, which can be attributed to geographic isolation due to continental drift, while placental mammals are relatively recent and more scarce (mainly bats and rodents) within this region.
I think it’s lateral and medial but I’m not sure
Explanation:
- Light energy is absorbed and transferred to the reaction center.
- A water molecule is split.
- Electrons are transferred from photosystem II to photosystem I.
- ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Further Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.
The chloroplast is a membrane bound organelle found in plants. It contains several invaginations of a plasma membrane called the thylakoid membrane. This contains chlorophyll pigments, in stacks called granum, while the internal spaces of the organelle are called the lumen. Liquid surrounds the granum, forming the stroma.
During the light reaction:
- Light is absorbed by pigments in phosystem II (PSII). This energy is transferred among pigments til it gets to the reaction center, and is transferred to P680; this promotes an electron to a higher energy level where it then goes to an acceptor molecule.
- Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II. Additionally, water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent.
- the electron moves down an electron transport chain (ti PS I)where it experiences continuous energy loss. This energy fuels the pumping of H+ from the stroma to thykaloid, leading to the formation of a gradient. The H+ move along their gradient and cross through ATP synthase, into the the stroma.
- ATP synthase converts ADP and Pi to the energy storage molecule ATP.
- The electron gets to photosystem I where it goes to pigments at P700. It absorbs light energy, the electron is promoted to a higher energy level, and passed to an electron acceptor. This leaves a space for another electron which is then replaced by one from photosystem II.
- in the ETC, the molecule NADP is reduced to NADPH by providing H+ ions. NADP and NADPH are integral to the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules.
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