For her dad, the ending of Joan's whiny behavior is a <u>negative reinforcement</u> and for Joan the cookie is a <u>positive reinforcement</u>.
<u>Explanation</u>:
Psychology says that the positive reinforcement means giving something to a person on performing desired action. In simple positive reinforcement is rewarding the person for their action.
Negative reinforcement means strengthening the behavior of the person by avoiding or removing negative outcome.
In the above scenario, Joan was demanding frosted cookie at the bakery. Joan’s father thought that ending of his whiny behavior is a negative reinforcement. But Joan considered cookie as the positive reinforcement.
I believe the answer is: Esteem needs
According to Maslow, esteem needs refers to humans' inherent desire to earn sense of respect in our life.
This esteem could come from both accomplishing the standard that we imposed to ourself or by gaining acknowledgment/acceptance by other people.
Cohort differences can be described as the major explanation offered to account for the differences in the pattern of iq stability or decline over adulthood shown in cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies.
<h3>What is meant by cohort difference?</h3>
Cohort is the term that tells us of the people that are around or about the same age.
This is used to refer to the way that the people of different ages react or do things at a particular point in time.
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The greatest priority in every State is security. As a matter of fact, a nation without a powerful military can be an attractive target for terrorists. However, countries present different realities and what may seem the best investiment for one country might not be the right alternative for another. It all depends on the situation and the level of development of each nation-state. If we take into consideration that the money ($11 billion) the U.S spent in Iraq, that was labeled as "wasted" later on, could have paid over 220,000 teachers' salaries, the answer to this question becomes very obvious. In my opinion, having a balance between both investments is vital. But, if I had to choose, I'd choose to invest in infrastructure because they're essential to a country's economy and prosperity; a country that is economically developed and prosper will manage its military successfully.
Numerous research have shown the cognitive advantages of mid- to late-life engagement. The relationship between participation in enriching early-life activities (EELAs) during adolescence and later-life cognition, however, has received relatively little attention in significant epidemiological studies.
Numerous research have shown the cognitive advantages of mid- to late-life engagement. The relationship between participation in enriching early-life activities (EELAs) during adolescence and later-life cognition, however, has received relatively little attention in significant epidemiological studies. A nationally representative sample of persons aged 50 and older was used to study the correlation between EELA and cognition.
A subset of participants in the Health and Retirement Study (n=3482) underwent cognitive testing and submitted a retrospective early-life activity assessment. The connection between enriching early-life activities and cognition was examined using linear regression models, and multiple imputation dealt with missing data. A higher cognitive score of 0.36 points was linked to each additional enriching early-life activities. This connection was still significant once potential confounders were taken into account. Better cognitive performance in later life was linked to EELA engagement.
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