One of the main differences between adult and fetal circulation is <em>the direction and where the non-oxygenated and oxygenated blood circulates</em>. In adults arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry non-oxygenated blood towards the heart; in fetuses, arteries carry non-oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Another difference is <em>where does the exchange of gases takes place</em>, in fetuses blood is oxygenated in the placenta, in adults in the lungs.
The circulation between adults and fetuses differs in <em>where does the pressure increases</em>, in adults is on the left side of the heart, in fetuses on the right side.
Finally,<em> another important difference between adults and fetuses is the presence of shunts</em>, in fetuses these shunts allow both sides of the heart to work parallelly letting mix blood from both ventricles. This shunt gets closed after birth, so adults do not have them.
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The direct effects of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) on plant growth refers to the change in plant grow with the levels of temperature, precipitation, evaporation and growing season at their present values. The indirect effects include the results of any changes in the other variables which affect plant growth that come as a result of the effect of increased CO2 on global climate.
