<span>In contrast to the sea-based empires developing in Europe, land-based empires remained the dominant political form in other parts of the eastern hemisphere. The era between 1450 and 1750 saw the appearance of several land-based empires who built their power on the use of gunpowder: the Ottomans and the Safavids in Southwest Asia, the Mughals in India, the Ming and Qing in China, and the new Russian Empire. All had huge land armies armed with guns. These empires developed relatively independently from western influence, and to some extent they counterbalanced the growth of European power and colonization.
An important consequence of the appearance of the Gunpowder Empires was their conquest of most nomadic groups. Since the nomads had less access to guns, the empires were finally able to conquer and subjugate them. In many areas direct relations among states or merchant groups replaced nomadic intermediaries for international contact. For example, European kings invited diplomats from other countries to join their courts, and China also received foreign representatives.
Muslim Empires In the previous era, the political power of Muslim lands had been crushed by Mongol invasions in the 13th century and those of Timur, a central Asian of Mongol descent, in the 14th century. Three new empires &endash; the Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal - rose between 1450 and 1750, and collectively they supported a new flowering of Islamic civilization. However, competition between them also led to important political divisions and military clashes. All three originated in the Turkic nomadic cultures of the central Asian steppe, and they all had absolute monarchs who modeled their courts on those of earlier Islamic dynasties.
Although each of the Muslim Empires had their own special problems, they faced some similar ones that eventually led to their decline.
Inadequate transportation and communication systems - Although they had the necessary military technology to control their empires, transporting it to where it was needed was another issue. The larger they grew, the more difficult it was for the infrastructure to be adequate for the task. Unruly warrior elites and inadequate bureaucracies - The military leaders knew their importance to the state, and they often operated quite independently of the government. Even in the Ottoman Empire, where the bureaucracy was the strongest, the sultan eventually lost control of the Janissaries, who rebelled against him when their constant demands went unfulfilled. The rise of European rivals - Ultimately, the Europeans benefited more from the gunpowder revolution than the Muslim Empires. European countries were smaller, both in population and land space, and so mobilization of their human and natural resources was easier. They were also in such strong competition with one another that the Europeans were spurred on to try new technologies and reforms.
The Ming and Early Qing Dynasties in China The Ming Emperors continued to rule China until the mid-1600s, but the dynasty was in decline for many years before that. Although its cultural brilliance and economic achievements continued until about 1600, China had some of the same problems that the Muslim empires had: borders difficult to guard, armies expensive to maintain, and transportation and communication issues, sources:google</span>
The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ('XIV Amendment') is one of the post-Civil War amendments, and includes, among others, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause. It was proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 9, 1868.
The amendment provides a broad definition of national citizenship, which overrides the decision of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), who had excluded slaves and their descendants, from possessing constitutional rights. It requires states to provide equal protection before the law to all persons (not just citizens) within their jurisdictions. The importance of the Fourteenth Amendment was exemplified when it was interpreted to prohibit racial segregation in public schools in the Brown v. Case. Board of Education.
Stanley Martin Lieber “I think you never out grow your love of these stories of giants, ogre and witches, super heroes’ comics give you that for older people.” Stanley Martin Lieber, also known as Stan Lee was born in Manhattan, lived there most of his young live. Two of his biggest influences were books and movies. He loved Tarzan, Jules Vern, King Kong he loved anything that was imaginative. His favorite hero was Errol Flynn. Stan lee has affected the world in many different ways. One of the ways he impacted the world is by his writing. To the people who don’t who he is he is an American comic writer, editor, actor, producer, publisher, television personality and the former president and chairman of Marvel Comics. As soon as they did that the competition also started to do things like that, he wanted to make something that first no one knew what it means and how to spell it, that is when he came up with the word “excelsior”. As he was working in the letter department he noticed that the letters were too simple and boring. That’s why he changed the whole thing to make it friendlier. Most of the letters came like, deer editor I liked your story signed Charles and the way you had to answer it was deer Charles thanks signed the editor. He wanted the letters to be friendlier, so what he did was change it to deer Stan instead of deer editor when he printed it out and for the name he would do something like hey thanks a lot Charlie. There was one occasion when they were stuck with a bad story, they weren’t able to change it up because it was the due date, so instead what he did was write a little note on the cover saying something like “Hey kids I’ve got to admit this isn’t the best story we’ve ever done, But we’ve giving you some many good ones before that I think you owe it to us to buy this one.”
