Answer:
A scheme of recombinational repair in E. coli. RecFOR activities license RecA polymerization of daughter-strand gaps, whereas the RecBC enzyme does the same for double-strand breaks. After the RecA-catalyzed homologous strand exchange enables one-strand repair (excision repair) to fix the irregularities in the individual DNA strands, RuvABC or RecG activities remove the spent RecA filaments and Holliday junctions from the repair intermediate, freeing the participating chromosomes.
Explanation:
Enzymes of known biochemical activities are shown. The presynaptic steps result in the formation of a RecA filament. At gaps, this step requires RecJ, RecF, RecO, and RecR: the 5′ ssDNA exonuclease RecJ enlarges the ssDNA region (possibly with the help of various helicases, as no specific helicase is required for gap repair); RecF, RecO, and RecR promote RecA binding to SSB-coated DNA. At dsDNA ends, RecBCD (AddAB in B. subtilis) degrades DNA until it encounters a χ site; its helicase-nuclease activity is then modified to produce a 3′-ended ssDNA, to which it loads RecA. The synaptic step (homology search and strand exchange) is always performed by RecA and results in the formation of a Holliday junction (X structure). The postsynaptic steps are the migration and the resolution of Holliday junctions. Migration can be performed by RuvAB or by RecG, and resolution is made by RuvC (RecU in B. subtlis; RuvC forms a complex with RuvAB in E. coli). In addition, RecBCD-mediated recombination is always coupled with PriA-dependent replication restart. Antirecombinases are not shown: UvrD and MutLS prevent by different means the strand exchange reaction. In recBC mutants, the presynaptic steps of dsDNA end repair can be catalyzed by the helicase RecQ and the gap repair proteins RecJ and RecFOR, a reaction that is prevented by SbcB (and SbcCD) nucleases.
Bodily functions that help keep it stable. Like sweating when your are hot keeps your body at a cooler temperature rather then burning up.
You cam calculate speed because it is equal with distance / period of time
When we divide the surface area by the volume, we get the surface area to volume ratio:
surface to volume ratio = surface area/volume = 32/8 = 4This ratio indicates how much exposure the cell has to the environment which is important in cells in regard to the transport, absorption, or secretion of materials.
Answer:
You are a family physician and you have several patients that are coming in to have their moles looked at for possible melanoma.For each of the following patients use the ABCD chart to identify whether their moles are suspicious for melanoma.In the box below each mole image write a summary paragraph answering the following:1.Is there a possibility the mole is cancerous and why/why not?2.What is your advice to the patient for this mole? (none, proper sun care, removal, etc.)The diameter is too big and the color variation is different he just is unlucky because he may have skin cancer. The border is bad and its asymmetrical. Must see doctor.Patient 3 InformationPatient is 30 yr. old Native American female with medium skin tone with no history of skin cancer.She has had very little sun exposure and it is located on the medial side of her right knee and is 14 mm.The mole border looks pretty good, and the color is consistent.But due to his family’s history he should really get checked out and have an infinite amount of sunscreen on when he is outside.Plus the diameter is smaller than a pencil’s eraser which is 6mm.Patient 2 InformationPatient is 10 yr.old Caucasian male with very fair skin who has no history of skin cancer, but every member of his family has.He has had average sun exposure and it is located 3 inches distal of his left elbow and is 4 mm.The mole may be cancerous because she has already had 3melanomas removed. The mole looks like it varies in color, the border is all over the place and it’s not symmetrical. She also confesses to being at the beach all the time. My advice would be to get a full evaluation done and to stay out of the sun.Patient 1 InformationPatient is a 73 yr.old Caucasian female with fair skin who has had 3 melanomas removed in the past 2 years.She is a self-confessed beach bum and has been since 1950.It is located on her right shoulder and 6 mm.
