<u>Answer:</u>
D. Antimicrobial peptides; disrupt positively charged bacterial membranes
The above skin defenses and its mechanism is mismatched
<u>Explanation</u>:
Antimicrobial peptides which is considered as a natural antibiotic. It is produced by all types of living organisms for example plants, animals, and also bacteria. It is also known as host peptides. The rich source of antimicrobial peptides is noticed as amphibian skin glands. It is different and a diverse class of molecule. It is commonly between 12 and 50 amino acids. It is also called as innate immune response which is found among all classes of life. It disrupts positively charged bacterial membrane, fungi, enveloped viruses and cancerous cell
Answer: Option 4.
The fresh water is hypotonic and the salt solution is Hypertonic.
Explanation:
Hypotonic solution is a solution that have little dissolved solutes i.e low osmotic pressure compare to other solution. When a cell is put in hypotonic solution, it take in water and the cell swell up and it does not burst due to it's cell wall thereby becoming turgid or hard.
Hypertonic solution is the solution where the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell than inside the cell. Example is saline water.when a cell is placed in Hypertonic solution it will shrinks because it losses water.
Answer:
At least 17 PCR cycles or 16 PCR cycles
Explanation:
As we know -
In one chain of heating and cooling of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the strands of DNA gets doubled.
The general mathematical representation of this is
where "n" is the number of PCR cycles.
It is given that DNA strands to be produced is 16 times the original quantity of DNA.
So the PCR cycle must be carried out at least 17 times in order to have DNA strand not less than 16 times the original quantity of DNA
