Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
Answer:
The options:
A) esophagus
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) mouth
The CORRECT ANSWER IS B)
B) stomach
Explanation:
The digestive tract — often termed the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal — supplies the route via which foods passes through the body. In the course of this pathway, foods are digested into its constituents nutrients necessarily for absorption.
Digestion initially starts in the mouth, with enzymes in saliva dissolving carbohydrate (starch). In the course of chewing, the food is lubricated, a little bit of hear is used up, and less difficult to swallow and digest. The teeth and mouth aid conversion of each morsel of food to a bolus which flows right into the esophagus (“gullet”). In the course of chewing, taste buds stationed in the mouth gives pleasure to every mouthful — or to taste if not okay. Once the bolus is swallowed, it flows through the esophagus, it is kind of warmed and lubricated as it flows into the stomach.
Note:
The acidic condition of the STOMACH and the effect of gastric enzymes turns the bolus to CHYME, A LIQUEFIED MASS that is moved from the stomach to the small intestine.
Organisms that originated in a certain geographic region and can only be found in that region are said to be endemic.
Explanation:
Endemic organisms are taxonomic species (plants and animals) which originates and distributed only in specific geographic regions. This state of evolution is called endemism.
They are said to be native or indigenous to that particular region which can be an ecological habitat, an entire nation, an island, a mountain range etc. Certain parts are known for majority of their species being endemic like St. Helen Island, New Caledonia Island, Hawaiian Islands, Southern regions of Africa, and Australia.
The species becomes endemic to a particular region because of the presence of certain bio-geographical environmental qualities of that habitat which are favorable to that species.
When these conditions become unfavorable, then species becomes restricted leading to endangerment or extinction of the species.
Examples:
- Kangaroo - Australia
- Nilgiri Tahr, - Nilgiri Hills, India
- The Redwood trees of West Coast of the USA
- Plants like kalo, sumac of Hawaii
The answer to your question is Corruption is exhibited in this scenario.
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